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Riyadh skyline with Kingdom Tower and the King Abdullah Financial District at sunset, April 2016
AlUla valley and sandstone escarpments
The Tuwaiq escarpment at the “Edge of the World” near Riyadh at sunset, February 2017
A rock-cut tomb facade at Hegra
Earthen architecture in Diriyah
A rocky slope in Asir

Saudi Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia documenting the history of Saudi Arabia, its regions, heritage and people, presenting historical knowledge supported by sources and references.

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Riyadh skyline with Kingdom Tower and the King Abdullah Financial District at sunset, April 2016 · B.alotaby / CC BY-SA 4.0
AlUla valley and sandstone escarpments · Sammy Six / CC BY 2.0
The Tuwaiq escarpment at the “Edge of the World” near Riyadh at sunset, February 2017 · S0lL0 TRAVELER / CC BY-SA 4.0
A rock-cut tomb facade at Hegra · Following Hadrian / CC BY-SA 2.0
Earthen architecture in Diriyah · Petrovic-Njegos / CC BY 2.5
A rocky slope in Asir · Aboluay / CC BY-SA 4.0
Main sections:Saudi statesThe regionsHeritage sites

Latest articles

The newest sourced articles added to the encyclopedia, in Arabic and English.

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EconomyFinancial institutions

Islamic Development Bank

The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development bank established on 12 August 1974, headquartered in Jeddah Governorate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and it has 57 member states. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the founder and host of the Islamic Development Bank Group.

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Image credits
Image attribution: Source: Wikimedia Commons — File:DSC00030-isl-bank1.JPG by Ammar shaker, released into the public domain. Modified: bottom strip cropped out and the full frame placed un-upscaled on a cream background at 1920×672 for the article cover. / المصدر: ويكيميديا كومنز — ملف «DSC00030-isl-bank1.JPG» للمصوّر Ammar shaker، رُفع إلى الملكية العامة (Public domain). عُدّلت: قُصّ شريط أسفل الإطار وأُدرجت الصورة كاملةً دون تكبير على خلفية كريمية بمقاس 1920×672 لغلاف المقالة. · License: Public domain (PD-self)
  1. NatureDeserts

    Al-Hamad Desert

    Al-Hamad Desert is a desert area in the Northern Borders Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, close to the city of Arar and Al-Uwayqilah Governorate. It is one of the most prominent stations crossed by migratory falcons during the al-Maqnas season, which begins in October each year.

    Image credits
    Image attribution: Al-Hamad Desert (Al-Hamad Plateau), northern Saudi Arabia — the lead image of the "هضبة الحماد" (Al-Hamad Plateau) article on Saudipedia (the Saudi national encyclopedia, Ministry of Media); author: Ministry of Media — Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saudipedia); license: All rights reserved to the Ministry of Media (2026); source: https://saudipedia.com/هضبة-الحماد — original file: https://saudipedia.com/var/site/storage/images/7/4/4/4/2374447-1-ara-SA/e28cf2115848-184416.jpg — modification: downscaled only (no upscaling, no cropping) and placed whole and sharp in the centre of a 1920×672 canvas with a cream background #f4efe5 carrying a blurred copy of the same photograph. / صحراء الحماد (هضبة الحماد) بشمال المملكة العربية السعودية — الصورة الرئيسة لمقالة «هضبة الحماد» على سعوديبيديا (الموسوعة الوطنية السعودية، وزارة الإعلام)؛ المؤلف: وزارة الإعلام — المملكة العربية السعودية (سعوديبيديا)؛ الرخصة: جميع الحقوق محفوظة لوزارة الإعلام (٢٠٢٦)؛ المصدر: https://saudipedia.com/هضبة-الحماد — رابط الأصل: https://saudipedia.com/var/site/storage/images/7/4/4/4/2374447-1-ara-SA/e28cf2115848-184416.jpg — التغيير: تصغير فقط (بلا تكبير وبلا قص) ووضع الصورة كاملة حادّة في وسط كانفس ١٩٢٠×٦٧٢ بخلفية كريميّة #f4efe5 تحمل نسخة مموّهة من الصورة نفسها. · License: جميع الحقوق محفوظة — وزارة الإعلام، المملكة العربية السعودية (سعوديبيديا)
  2. HeritageHospitality, food and drink

    Jareesh

    Jareesh is a traditional Saudi dish designated by the Culinary Arts Commission the national dish of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 11 January 2023, and it is known as 'the master of dishes'. It is popular across the regions of the Kingdom and is served on various social occasions as one of the most important traditional Saudi dishes.

    Image credits
    Image attribution: Tmogarry (Wikimedia Commons), own work, 16 December 2023 — File:الجريش.jpg · License: CC BY-SA 4.0
  3. HistoryArchaeological sites

    Kingdom of Kinda

    The Kingdom of Kinda was an ancient Arabian entity built on a federal organisation of Arabian desert tribes, with the archaeological city of Qaryat al-Faw in Wadi ad-Dawasir Governorate as its capital. The Cultural Landscape of the Al-Faw Archaeological Area was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2024 CE, and it is managed by the Heritage Commission of the Ministry of Culture and the National Centre for Wildlife.

    Image credits
    Image attribution: Map: Al Ameer son — “Kindite Kingdom, ca. 500” (own work) — Source: Wikimedia Commons, file “Kindite Kingdom, ca. 500.png” — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kindite_Kingdom,_ca._500.png — License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0) — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 — Modified: the full map was placed at its original size 1573×1270, uncropped and not enlarged (downscaled only to a height of 672), on a 1920×672 canvas over a soft cream (#f4efe5) backdrop derived from the map itself. / خريطة: Al Ameer son — «Kindite Kingdom, ca. 500» (عمل شخصي) — المصدر: ويكيميديا كومنز، ملف «Kindite Kingdom, ca. 500.png» — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kindite_Kingdom,_ca._500.png — الرخصة: CC BY-SA 4.0 (المشاع الإبداعي نَسب المُصنَّف – الترخيص بالمثل 4.0) — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 — عُدِّلت: وُضعت الخريطة كاملة بحجمها الأصلي 1573×1270 دون قصّ ولا تكبير (تصغير فقط إلى ارتفاع 672) على كانفس 1920×672 بخلفية كريميّة مموّهة (#f4efe5) مشتقّة من الخريطة نفسها. · License: CC BY-SA 4.0
  4. RegionsGovernorate

    Al Qunfudhah Governorate

    Al Qunfudhah Governorate is one of the governorates of Makkah Region, and Wadi Hali lies in its southern part with its environmental and agricultural potential. The governorate holds historic and heritage landmarks, among them the historic mill on its coast and the Bani Isa popular market, and it is among the highest-producing governorates of the Kingdom for mangoes.

    Image credits
    Image attribution: Saudi Press Agency (WAS) — published on the Saudipedia page “Al Qunfudhah Governorate”; modified: resized into a 1920×672 cover on a blurred cream background, the photograph kept complete with no crop and no upscaling / وكالة الأنباء السعودية (واس) — منشورة في صفحة «محافظة القنفذة» على سعوديبيديا؛ عُدِّلت: ضُبط مقاسها إلى غلاف 1920×672 على خلفية مموّهة كريمية، والصورة كاملة بلا قص ولا تكبير · License: حقوق النشر محفوظة لوزارة الإعلام — سعوديبيديا (الصورة: واس)
  5. figuresKings of Saudi Arabia

    Prince Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

    Prince Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was one of the sons of King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud. He served as Deputy Minister of Defense and Aviation and Inspector General, and the Royal Court announced his death on Thursday 19 Shawwal 1438 AH, corresponding to 13 July 2017 CE.

    Image credits
    Image attribution: Photograph by the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18 Shawwal 1433 AH / 2011, published in a ministry news item (mofa.gov.sa); the file is hosted on Arabic Wikipedia as «Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz.jpg» (280×230) described as a portrait of Prince Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz, under a Fair use rationale because the image is non-free. Modified by placing it complete, without cropping or enlargement, on a blurred cream 1920×672 canvas to fit the article cover. / تصوير وزارة الخارجية السعودية، 18 شوال 1433هـ / 2011م، ضمن خبر من موقع الوزارة (mofa.gov.sa)؛ الملف مرفوع على ويكيبيديا العربية باسم «Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz.jpg» بمقاس 280×230 بوصفه صورة الأمير عبدالرحمن بن عبدالعزيز، برخصة الاستخدام العادل (Fair use) لكون الصورة غير حرة. عُدّلت بوضعها كاملة دون قص ولا تكبير في وسط كانفس كريمي مموّه ١٩٢٠×٦٧٢ لتلائم غلاف المقالة. · License: Fair use (استخدام عادل) — صورة غير حرة، وزارة الخارجية السعودية

History of the Saudi States

Articles on the First, Second and Third Saudi States and the unification of Saudi Arabia.

All history articles
Image credits
Image attribution: Diriyahpic — Petrovic-Njegos at English Wikipedia, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diriyahpic.jpg ; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ . Renamed locally. CMS derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85; proportionally resized within 2400 × 2400 without enlargement where needed. Card/hero display may crop to fit; original composition is not retouched. / نسخة CMS: تحويل إلى WebP بجودة 85 وتصغير تناسبي عند الحاجة ضمن 2400 × 2400 دون تكبير؛ قد يقتطع العرض داخل البطاقات أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح محتواها. · License: CC BY 2.5 Generic — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
Saudi states01

The First Saudi State

A state centred on Diriyah under Imam Muhammad bin Saud, officially dated in Saudi chronology to 1727. It expanded across Najd and other regions before its capital fell in 1818.

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Image credits
Image attribution: Deera Square and Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque (1) — Radosław Botev (https://www.forumviatoris.org.pl/); copyright holder/licensor Fundacja Nomos, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0 Poland. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deera_Square_and_Imam_Turki_bin_Abdullah_Mosque_(1).jpg ; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/deed.en . Photograph dated 27 July 2024; modern rebuilt mosque opened in 1993, contextual to the Second Saudi State. / صورة سياقية ملتقطة عام 2024 للجامع ببنائه الحديث المفتتح عام 1993، لا لمبنى عصر الدولة الثانية. CMS derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85; proportionally resized within 2400 × 2400 without enlargement where needed. Card/hero display may crop to fit; original composition is not retouched. / نسخة CMS: تحويل إلى WebP بجودة 85 وتصغير تناسبي عند الحاجة ضمن 2400 × 2400 دون تكبير؛ قد يقتطع العرض داخل البطاقات أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح محتواها. · License: CC BY 3.0 Poland — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/deed.en
Saudi states02

The Second Saudi State

Imam Turki bin Abdullah restored Saudi rule in 1824 with Riyadh as capital. The state extended across Najd and eastern Arabia before ending in 1891 with Al Rashid's ascendancy.

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Image attribution: Masmak Castle from Thumairi — Dainomite, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masmak_Castle_from_Thumairi.jpg ; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . Photograph dated 24 December 2010; contextual view, not a photograph of the 1902 recovery of Riyadh. / صورة سياقية للمصمك عام 2010، لا توثق أحداث استرداد الرياض عام 1902. CMS derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85; proportionally resized within 2400 × 2400 without enlargement where needed. Card/hero display may crop to fit; original composition is not retouched. / نسخة CMS: تحويل إلى WebP بجودة 85 وتصغير تناسبي عند الحاجة ضمن 2400 × 2400 دون تكبير؛ قد يقتطع العرض داخل البطاقات أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح محتواها. · License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Saudi states03

The Third Saudi State

The Third Saudi State began with Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud's recovery of Riyadh in 1902. Regional unification led to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia proclaimed in 1932 and continuing thereafter.

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Hover over a region to see its data; click to open its page.Tap a region to open its page.Population: Saudi Census 2022, General Authority for Statistics · Simplified, unofficial boundaries made with Natural Earth

Regions of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has thirteen administrative regions. Choose one to read about it, its governorates and its sites.

01Riyadh Region02Makkah Region03Madinah Region04Qassim Region05Eastern Province06Asir Region07Tabuk Region08Hail Region09Northern Borders Region10Jazan Region11Najran Region12Bahah Region13Jawf Region
Earthen architecture in DiriyahEarthen architecture in Diriyah · Petrovic-Njegos / CC BY 2.5

Diriyah

Capital of the First Saudi State on the banks of Wadi Hanifah, and home to At-Turaif, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Read about Diriyah

figures

Biographies of the kings of Saudi Arabia and their reigns, and of the Crown Prince.

All notable figures
011932–1953
An archival photograph of King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud in 1945
Image credits
Image attribution: King Abdulaziz, 1945 — unknown photographer; Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum, via Wikimedia Commons. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg . Public domain as a U.S. federal government work (PD-USGov). Archival portrait; no claim of an official modern portrait. Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain — U.S. federal government work (PD-USGov) — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg#Licensing

King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud

Founder and first king of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz recovered Riyadh in 1902 and led the unification proclaimed in 1932. His reign saw the development of state institutions and the beginnings of the oil industry.

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021953–1964
An archival portrait of King Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, dated 1960 in the Wikimedia record
Image credits
Image attribution: King Saud — unknown photographer; source credited by Wikimedia Commons as Saudi Press Agency; dated 1960 in the file record. Source and public-domain rationale: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saud_IV_of_Saudi_Arabia_portrait.jpg . PD-Saudi Arabia, including the pre-1979 publication criterion recorded by Commons. Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain — PD-Saudi Arabia, image dated 1960 on Commons — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saud_IV_of_Saudi_Arabia_portrait.jpg#Licensing

King Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The Kingdom’s second king and first crown prince after unification, Saud reigned from 1953 to 1964. His reign saw the Ministry of Education, King Saud University and expanding government services.

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031964–1975
Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz, later king, photographed by John Rous in 1943
Image credits
Image attribution: Prince Faisal, 1943 — John Rous, Office of War Information; Library of Congress, fsac.1a35390. Existing Commons crop from the photograph of Princes Faisal and Khalid. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_1943.jpg . Public domain (PD-USGov-FSA). Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain — U.S. federal government work (PD-USGov-FSA) — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_1943.jpg#Licensing

King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The third Saudi king, Faisal brought extensive experience in foreign affairs and government. His reign included educational expansion, development planning and Saudi participation in the 1973 oil crisis.

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041975–1982
Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz, later king, photographed by John Rous in 1943
Image credits
Image attribution: Prince Khalid, 1943 — John Rous, Office of War Information; Library of Congress, fsac.1a35390. Existing Commons crop from the photograph of Princes Faisal and Khalid. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_1943.jpg . Public domain (PD-USGov-FSA). Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain — U.S. federal government work (PD-USGov-FSA) — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_1943.jpg#Licensing

King Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The fourth Saudi king, Khalid reigned during expanding infrastructure, education and healthcare funded by rising oil revenues. The Gulf Cooperation Council was founded during his reign in 1981.

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051982–2005
Official portrait of King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, 1982
Image credits
Image attribution: Official portrait of King Fahd bin Abdulaziz, 1982 — Saudi Press Agency; photographer not identified. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_Portrait.jpg (Commons SHA-1 79698b237af540580b43ddbebb9fb4ebe16d02dc, 632 × 794). Public domain in Saudi Arabia under PD-Saudi Arabia (Articles 19–20, Royal Decree M/41). The Commons template treats such works as U.S. public domain only if published before 20 November 1979, so this 1982 portrait may remain protected in the United States. Selected by the site operator on 2026-09-27. Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain in Saudi Arabia — PD-Saudi Arabia (photograph published 1982); U.S. public-domain status not established — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_Portrait.jpg#Licensing

King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The fifth Saudi king, Fahd acceded in 1982. His reign included the Basic Law of Governance, the Shura Council and provincial laws, expansions of the Two Holy Mosques and the Gulf War.

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062005–2015
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz photographed by Cherie A. Thurlby in January 2007
Image credits
Image attribution: King Abdullah, 17 January 2007 — Cherie A. Thurlby, U.S. Department of Defense. Existing portrait crop from the meeting photograph, ID 070117-D-7203T-016. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_bin_Abdul_al-Saud_January_2007.jpg . Public domain (PD-USGov-Military). Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain — U.S. Department of Defense work (PD-USGov-Military) — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_bin_Abdul_al-Saud_January_2007.jpg#Licensing

King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The sixth Saudi king, Abdullah reigned from 2005 to 2015. His reign saw expanding higher education and scholarships, dialogue initiatives and women’s participation in the Shura Council.

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072015–
Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz, then crown prince, photographed by Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo in 2013
Image credits
Image attribution: Salman bin Abdulaziz, then crown prince, 9 December 2013 — Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo, U.S. Department of Defense, image 131209-D-BW835-554. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Salman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud_in_2013.jpg . Public domain (PD-USGov-Defense). Archival photograph, not a current official portrait. Uploaded derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85 and proportionally resized within 1000 × 1200 without enlargement; CMS re-encodes to WebP at quality 85. Card and hero display may crop to fit; no retouching. / الصورة المرفوعة: تحويل إلى WebP وتصغير تناسبي ضمن 1000 × 1200 دون تكبير؛ يعيد CMS ترميزها إلى WebP. قد يقتطع عرض البطاقة أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح. · License: Public domain — U.S. Department of Defense work (PD-USGov-Defense) — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Salman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud_in_2013.jpg#Licensing

King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The seventh Saudi king, Salman acceded in 2015 after serving in Riyadh, defence and the crown princeship. His reign has included Vision 2030 and administrative, economic and social changes.

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081985–
Official portrait of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud wearing a shemagh and bisht
Image credits
Image attribution: متاح · License: عام

Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz

Crown Prince since 1438 AH/2017 CE and Prime Minister since 1444 AH/2022 CE, who launched Saudi Vision 2030; the first grandson of King Abdulaziz to lead the Council of Ministers.

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Heritage

All heritage articles
Image credits
Image attribution: Saudi Ardha (Najdi Sword Dance) in At-Turaif district, Diriyah, Saudi Arabia — Ahad.F, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Ardha_(Najdi_Sword_Dance)_in_At-Turaif_district,_Diriyah,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg ; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ . CMS derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85; proportionally resized within 2400 × 2400 without enlargement where needed. Card/hero display may crop to fit; original composition is not retouched. / نسخة CMS: تحويل إلى WebP بجودة 85 وتصغير تناسبي عند الحاجة ضمن 2400 × 2400 دون تكبير؛ قد يقتطع العرض داخل البطاقات أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح محتواها. · License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Performing arts and intangible heritage

Saudi Ardah

A collective performing tradition, also known as Najdi ardah, combining chanted poetry, drumming and movement at social and national occasions.

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Image credits
Image attribution: Gold dates — LifeGorgise, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_dates.jpg ; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ . CMS derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85; proportionally resized within 2400 × 2400 without enlargement where needed. Card/hero display may crop to fit; original composition is not retouched. / نسخة CMS: تحويل إلى WebP بجودة 85 وتصغير تناسبي عند الحاجة ضمن 2400 × 2400 دون تكبير؛ قد يقتطع العرض داخل البطاقات أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح محتواها. · License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Agricultural heritage and traditional knowledge

Date Palm Cultivation in Saudi Arabia

Date palm cultivation in Saudi Arabia combines food production with knowledge of irrigation, pollination and fruit care. Al-Ahsa illustrates its links to farming heritage.

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Image credits
Image attribution: Finjan Arabic coffee — أدوّن وأوثق أيامي بالصور (rainsong), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finjan_Arabic_coffee.jpg ; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Proportionally resized by Wikimedia. CMS derivative: converted to WebP at quality 85; proportionally resized within 2400 × 2400 without enlargement where needed. Card/hero display may crop to fit; original composition is not retouched. / نسخة CMS: تحويل إلى WebP بجودة 85 وتصغير تناسبي عند الحاجة ضمن 2400 × 2400 دون تكبير؛ قد يقتطع العرض داخل البطاقات أو رأس المقال أطراف الصورة، دون تنقيح محتواها. · License: CC BY 2.0 Generic — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Hospitality, food and drink

Arabic Coffee in Saudi Arabia

Arabic coffee in Saudi Arabia brings together preparation and hospitality, with roast levels, flavourings and customs varying among regions and households.

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